Mfundo 12 za chemistry wobiriwira ndi zitsanzo zafotokozedwa ndikukambirana patsamba lino la blog zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito pofotokoza zolemba, ntchito, kapena ntchito.
Green Chemistry, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Sustainable Chemistry, ndi lingaliro lomwe lidakhazikitsidwa mu 1990 ndi Paul Anastas ndi John Warner. Mfundozi zidatulukira kuti muchepetse zovuta zomwe zimayambitsa ndi mankhwala nthawi zina. Imeneyi ndi njira yofunikira yochepetsera zovuta zachilengedwe komanso zovuta zomwe zingachitike chifukwa cha mankhwala ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala.
Chemistry wobiriwira ndimapangidwe azinthu zopangidwa ndimankhwala ndi njira zomwe zimachepetsa kapena kuthetseratu kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kupanga zinthu zowopsa. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumayendera nthawi yonse yazinthu zopangidwa ndi mankhwala, kuphatikiza kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake, kagwiritsidwe kake, ndi kutaya kwathunthu.
Ngakhale chilengedwe cha chilengedwe chimayang'ana kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala m'chilengedwe, zobiriwira zimayang'ana momwe chilengedwe chimakhudzira chilengedwe, kuphatikiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosapitsidwanso komanso njira zaukadaulo zoletsera kuipitsa. Chemistry yobiriwira imagwira ntchito ndipo imakhudza magawo ambiri kuyambira popanga mankhwala ndi biotech kupita kuzinthu zapakhomo ndi zinthu zogwirizana ndi zaulimi.
Mfundozo zimaphatikizaponso mfundo izi:
- Kapangidwe ka njira zokulitsira kuchuluka kwa zopangira zomwe zimathera pakupanga
- Kugwiritsa ntchito ziweto zongowonjezwdwa komanso magetsi
- Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zotetezeka, zopanda chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo zosungunulira, ngati zingatheke
- Kapangidwe kogwiritsa ntchito magetsi
- Kupewa kupanga zinyalala, zomwe zimawoneka ngati njira yabwino yosamalira zinyalala
[lwptoc]
Kodi ndi mfundo zingati zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira?
Pali mfundo 12 zoyambira zobiriwira.
Popanda kupitanso patsogolo, tiyeni tilowe muzinthu 12 za zobiriwira zobiriwira ndi zitsanzo.
Mfundo 12 za Green Chemistry ndi Zitsanzo
Pali mfundo 12 zamagetsi obiriwira okhala ndi zitsanzo, zofotokozedwa molondola, ndikukambirana pansipa.
- Kuteteza Zinyalala
- Chuma cha Atomu
- Zopanga Zoyipa Zocheperako
- Kupanga Mankhwala Otetezeka
- Zosungunulira Zosavuta ndi Zothandizira
- Kupanga kwa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
- Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masheya Othandizidwanso
- Kuchepetsa zotumphukira
- Katemera
- Mapangidwe Akuwonongeka
- Kusanthula Kwanthawi Kwanthawi Popewa Kuwononga Mpweya
- Amakhala Ndi Makampani Otetezeka Otetezera Ngozi
# 1 Kuteteza Zinyalala
Kupewa ndiko koyamba pamalamulo 12 a chemistry wobiriwira, ndipo munthawiyi, imangofotokoza kuti zozungulira zimayenera kukonzedwa bwino kuti zitheke kuyerekeza ndi zinyalala. Muyeso, wotchedwa E factor kapena chilengedwe, udapangidwa kuti uwonetse kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa ndipo zimatsimikizika pakupatula kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe chilengedwe chimapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chinthu chomwe chapezeka, ndi chinthu chotsika cha E bwino.
Kupanga njira zamankhwala m'mbiri yonse kunali ndi zinthu zazikulu kwambiri za E, komabe kugwiritsa ntchito gawo la mfundo zamagetsi zobiriwira kumatha kuthandizira kuchepetsa izi. Njira zosiyanasiyana zowunikira zinyalala, monga kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopanda pake ndi za chinthucho, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Ndibwino kupewa zonyansazo kuposa kukonza kapena kuyeretsa zinyalala zitapangidwa kale.
# 2 Chuma cha Atomu
Economy Atom ndi nambala yachiwiri pamalamulo 12 azomera zobiriwira. Njira zakuchipatala ziyenera kupangidwira kuti muchepetse kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita kupanga komaliza.
Ndiwo muyeso wa kuchuluka kwa ma atomu kuyambira koyambirira komwe kumapezeka muzinthu zamtengo wapatali kumapeto kwa kayendedwe kake. Zina mwazinthu zomwe sizothandiza zingayambitse chuma chochepa cha atomu ndikuwononga zambiri.
Kuchokera pamitundu ingapo, chuma chamolekyulu ndi gawo lokonda kuyankha pazokolola; zokolola zimayerekezera kuchuluka kwa zinthu zothandiza zomwe mwapeza poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka komwe mumayembekezera kuchokera kumawerengero. Zotsatira zake, njira zomwe zimakulitsa chuma cha atomu ndizosankhidwa.
# 3 Kuphatikiza Kowopsa Kwa Mankhwala
Njira Yoyipa Yocheperako ndi nambala itatu pamndandanda wazinthu 12 zama chemistry obiriwira.
Mwachidziwikire, tikufuna mankhwala opangidwa ndi ife, pazifukwa zilizonse, kuti asayike pachiwopsezo ku thanzi ndi moyo wamunthu. Komanso, timapanga mankhwalawa kuti akhale otetezeka momwe angathere, chifukwa chake ndikuti tipewe kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osatetezeka ngati magawo oyambira ngati njira zina zotetezeka zitha kupezeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, kukhala ndi zinyalala zowopsa zochokera m'zinthu zophatikizana ndichinthu china chomwe timafunikira kuti tizipewa, chifukwa izi zitha kuyambitsa mavuto. Kulikonse komwe kuli kotheka, njira zamankhwala ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zizigwiritsa ntchito ndikupanga zinthu zomwe zilibe poizoni pang'ono kapena thanzi la anthu komanso chilengedwe.
# 4 Kupanga Mankhwala Otetezeka
Akatswiri opanga zamagetsi akuyenera kuyesetsa kupanga zinthu zamagetsi zomwe sizimangogwira ntchito yake, kaya ndi zamankhwala, zamakampani, kapena zina, komanso zili ndi poizoni wochepa wa anthu. Kudziwa momwe mankhwala amagwirira ntchito m'matupi mwathu komanso m'chilengedwe ndikofunikira pakupanga zida zotetezedwa ndi mankhwala. Nthawi zina, kawopsedwe ka nyama kapena kaumunthu sikapeweka, koma njira zina ziyenera kuwunikidwa.
Kupanga mankhwala otetezedwa ndichinthu chachinayi chobiriwira ndipo ayenera kutsatira akatswiri azamankhwala. Zopangira ziyenera kupangidwa kuti ziziteteza magwiridwe antchito pochepetsa poizoni.
# 5 Zosungunulira Zosavuta ndi Zothandizira
Kusintha kwamankhwala ambiri kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kapena zinthu zina kuti izi zithandizire. Amathanso kubwera ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza kuyaka komanso kusakhazikika. Ngakhale zosungunulira sizingapeweke pazinthu zambiri, ziyenera kusankhidwa kuti zichepetse mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pakuyankha, kukhala ndi poizoni wochepa, ndikuzigwiritsanso ntchito komwe zingatheke.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zothandizira ndi zinthu monga zosungunulira, zopatulira, ndi zina zambiri ziyenera kupangidwa ngati zosafunikira kulikonse komwe zingatheke, zopanda vuto zikagwiritsidwa ntchito.
# 6 Design Yogwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu
Kupanga kogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi 6th Mfundo ya chemistry wobiriwira ndipo mfundo iyi imafuna kuti zofunikira zamagetsi zizindikiridwe pazomwe zimakhudza chilengedwe ndi zachuma ndipo ziyenera kuchepetsedwa. Njira zamagetsi zimayenera kuchitidwa kutentha kozungulira komanso kukakamizidwa.
Mu chemistry wobiriwira, njira zowonjezera mphamvu zakhumudwitsidwa. Ndikofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa momwe zingathere kupanga mankhwalawa pochita kutentha ndi kuthamanga. Kuchotsa zosungunulira kapena njira zochotsera zodetsa kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zingapangitse kuti chilengedwe chisinthe.
# 7 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Masheya Omwe Angapitsidwenso
Iyi ndiye nambala seveni pamalamulo 12 a green chemistry ndipo apa, imalangiza akatswiri kuti akatswiri azakudya kapena ziweto ziyenera kupitsidwanso m'malo mokomera nthawi iliyonse momwe zingathekere.
Mfundoyi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ma petrochemicals, omwe ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mafuta osakongola. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zoyambira munjira zosiyanasiyana zamagulu, koma sizowonjezera ndipo zitha kutha. Zakudya zongowonjezwdwa monga mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku maphunziro a zamoyo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti njira zizikhala zokhazikika.
# 8 Kuchepetsa Zina
Kuchepetsa zotumphukira ndi nambala eyiti pamalamulo 12 azomera zobiriwira ndipo nazi zomwe akunena.
Magulu oteteza amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala chifukwa amatha kuteteza magawo a mamolekyulu kuti asasinthe pakachitika mankhwala ndikupangitsa kuti mbali zina za kapangidwe kake zisinthe.
Magawo awa, mbali inayo, amafunikira mankhwala owonjezera ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa ndi njirayi. Kugwiritsa ntchito michere monga choloweza mmalo kwakhala kukufufuzidwa munjira zosiyanasiyana. Ma enzyme amatha kuloza magawo ena amolekyulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito magulu otetezera kapena zotengera zina chifukwa amasankha kwambiri.
# 9 Catalysis
Ma catalyst amalola kuti chuma chambiri cha atomu chisinthe. Ntchito zamagetsi sizimaliza othandizira, chifukwa chake zimatha kubwerezedwanso kambiri ndipo sizowonjezera zinyalala. Zitha kupangitsa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zomwe sizingachitike m'malo abwino koma kuwononga pang'ono.
# 10 kapangidwe Kakuwonongeka
Zida zopangidwa ndi mankhwala zimayenera kupangidwa kuti zigawike muzinthu zopanda vuto zikakwaniritsa cholinga chake ndipo osakhala ndi zotsatirapo zachilengedwe. Zoyipitsa zopitilira muyeso ndi zinthu zamankhwala zomwe sizimawononga ndipo zimatha kudziunjikira ndikukhala m'chilengedwe; chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri kukhala DDT. Mankhwala omwe amawonongeka mosavuta ndi madzi, kuwala kwa UV, kapena kusintha kwa zinthu m'thupi kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mankhwalawa ngati zingatheke.
# 11 Kusanthula Kwanthawi Kwathu Popewa Kuwononga Mpweya
Kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi khumi ndi chimodzi mwa mfundo khumi ndi ziwiri za chemistry wobiriwira ndipo imawongolera amisili kuti aziwunika momwe zimachitikira m'mene zimathandizira kupewa ngozi. Ngozi kapena zochitika zosayembekezereka zitha kubweretsa kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zowononga ndikuwononga, chifukwa chake kuyang'anira momwe mankhwala amachitikira momwe zingachitikire kungathandize kupewa izi.
Zizindikiro zochenjeza zitha kuwonedwa kudzera pakuwunika nthawi yeniyeni, ndipo zomwe zimachitika zitha kupewedwa kapena kuthandizidwa tsoka lisanafike.
# 12 Mwachilengedwe Amakhala Otetezedwa Pangozi Yopewa Ngozi
Kugwira ntchito ndi mankhwala ndikowopsa. Zowopsa zimatha kuchepetsedwa ngati zoopsa zitha kusamalidwa bwino. Mfundo imeneyi ndiyachidziwikire yolumikizidwa ndi mfundo zina zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi zinthu zowopsa kapena ma reagents.
Kuwonetsa ngozi kuyenera kuchepetsedwa kuchokera kuzinthu momwe zingathere, ndipo ngati izi sizingatheke, njira ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti muchepetse chiopsezo. Awa ndi khumi ndi awirith mfundo ya chemistry wobiriwira ndipo ayenera kutsatira aliyense amene amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala.
Zitsanzo za Green Chemistry
Cholemba ichi cha blog chimafotokoza za mfundo za 12 zamagetsi obiriwira okhala ndi zitsanzo, ndipo popeza mfundo 12 zidatchulidwa ndikufotokozedwa pamwambapa, kuzimaliza popanda zitsanzo kungapangitse kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosakwanira. Chifukwa chake, pano, ndatsiriza mfundo 12 za chemistry wobiriwira popereka zitsanzo m'chigawo chino kuti muperekenso thandizo kuti ntchito yanu, nkhani, kapena ntchito ya projekiti ikhale yathunthu.
Zitsanzo za umagwirira wobiriwira ndi awa:
- Chips pakompyuta
- Medicine
- Mapulasitiki Owonongeka
- kujambula
Chips pakompyuta
Mankhwala ambiri, madzi ambiri, ndi mphamvu zambiri zimafunikira kupanga tchipisi tama kompyuta. Kuyerekeza kwamakampani kwamafuta ndi mafuta omwe amafunikira kuti apange makina apakompyuta anali 630: 1 ratio mu kafukufuku wa 2003. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kungopanga chip chimodzi, nthawi 630 imafunika kulemera kwa zida zoyambira. Poyerekeza ndi 2: 1 yogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga galimoto, uku ndi kusiyana kwakukulu.
Medicine
Makampani opanga mankhwala nthawi zonse amayang'ana njira zatsopano zopangira mankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito zoopsa zochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepa zopangira poizoni.
Mapulasitiki Owonongeka
Makampani angapo akhala akugwira ntchito yopanga ma polima omwe amatha kusinthika.
kujambula
Mitundu yayikulu yamankhwala osakhazikika amamasulidwa ndi utoto wopangidwa ndi mafuta wa "alkyd" (VOCs). Pamene utoto umauma ndi kuchiritsa, mankhwala osakhazikikawa amasanduka nthunzi, ndipo ambiri amakhala ndi zotulukapo zachilengedwe chimodzi kapena zingapo.
Izi ndi zitsanzo za zobiriwira zobiriwira, zolembedwa ndikufotokozedwa molingana. Izi zimabweretsa kutha kwa mfundo 12 za chemistry wobiriwira ndi chitsanzo ndipo ndikhulupilira kuti izi zathandiza kuyankha mafunso anu angapo.