Maphunziro 4 Opambana Pazaupandu

Tikulandira omwe akufuna maphunziro akuluakulu azaupandu. Tikuyamikira changu chanu ndikubwezerani, tidzagwetsa makoma onse ndi malingaliro olakwika okhudza nkhani ya upandu.

Tiwonanso mozama mitu 4 yayikulu muzaupandu yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufukuyu. Choncho, popanda kuzipanga kukhala zabodza kwambiri, apa pali mawu oyamba a nkhani zazikulu zaupandu. Koma, gwirani, tiyenera kufotokoza;

Kodi Upandu ndi Chiyani?

Criminology ndi kafukufuku wasayansi wokhudza umbanda, kuphatikiza zomwe zimayambitsa, zokakamira malamulo, ndi njira zopewera. Ndi gawo laling'ono la chikhalidwe cha anthu, lomwe ndi sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pankhani ya zaupandu, magawo angapo ophunzirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza biology, statistics, psychology, psychiatry, economics, ndi anthropology.

Monga momwe criminology ndi gawo laling'ono la chikhalidwe cha anthu, umbava uli ndi magawo ake angapo, kuphatikiza:

  • Kafukufuku wa ndende ndi machitidwe andende amadziwika kuti Penology.
  • Kafukufuku wa biological underpinnings of upandu amadziwika kuti Biocriminology.
  • Kafukufuku wa amayi ndi umbanda amadziwika kuti feminist criminology.
  • Criminalistics ndi sayansi yozindikira milandu.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa chilungamo chaupandu ndi upandu?

Ngakhale kuti mfundo ziwirizi zimawoneka ngati zosinthika, zaupandu ndi chilungamo chaupandu ndizosiyana pophunzira ndi kuchita. Ngakhale magawo awiriwa amagawana malingaliro ndi malingaliro, ndi magawo ophunzirira ndi machitidwe. Nazi njira zingapo zodziwira kusiyana pakati pa maphunziro awiriwa:

Chilungamo chaupandu chimakhudzidwa ndi kupewa umbanda ndi kukambitsira lamulo. Komano, Criminology imakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zaupandu ndi magwero ake, zotsatira zake, ndi zotsatira zake.

Njira zofufuzira, kupeza umboni, kumanga zigawenga, kuweruza milandu, kuweruza ndi kulanga anthu opalamula milandu zonsezo zimayikidwa pansi pa milandu. Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake anthu amachitira umbanda, momwe angalosere umbanda, ndi momwe angawuthetsere ndi mitu yophunziridwa muupandu.

Chilungamo chaupandu nthawi zambiri chimakhala zochitidwa m'mabungwe ngati makhothi, pomwe zaupandu zitha kuchitidwa m'ma lab, malo ofufuzira, ndi zochitika zamagulu.

Ofisala wazamalamulo, loya, wofufuza milandu, wodziwa za milandu, woyang'anira khothi, ndi woyang'anira zamalamulo onse ndi ntchito zachilungamo. Ntchito zaupandu, kumbali ina, zikuphatikiza akuluakulu oyang'anira zaumbanda, ogwira ntchito m'deralo, ndi othandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Zosiyanasiyana masukulu ophwanya malamulo

Criminology ndi maphunziro ochuluka omwe amamangidwa pamagulu osiyanasiyana amalingaliro, omwe amadziwika kuti ziphunzitso zaupandu. Kuti ndikupatseni lingaliro, nazi zingapo mwa izo:

Classical School of Criminology

Cesare Beccaria, loya wa ku Italy, ndiye anali kulimbikitsa sukulu yapamwamba yaupandu. Ziphunzitso zaupandu, malinga ndi iye, zazikidwa pa malingaliro anayi:

  • Anthu ali ndi ufulu wosankha komanso kuchita mwakufuna kwawo;
  • Anthu amafuna chisangalalo ndikupewa zowawa, ndipo amayesa mtengo ndi ubwino wake poganiza kuchitapo kanthu;
  • Anthu amafuna kusangalala ndi kupeŵa ululu, ndipo amapenda mtengo ndi ubwino wake posankha kuchita chinachake.
  • Chilango ndi njira yabwino yolepheretsa umbanda. - Kutsimikizika kwachilango ndi kufulumira ndizofunikira zosintha popewa umbanda.

Positivist School

Zosintha zina, kupitilira kufunafuna zosangalatsa ndikupewa kuvutika, zimakhudzidwa ndi khalidwe lachigawenga, malinga ndi positivist sukulu yoganiza. Anthu sangathe kuwongolera zinthu izi, zomwe zingakhale zamkati kapena zakunja, malinga ndi positivism. Zifukwa za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zamalingaliro, zachilengedwe, ndi zamoyo zonse zitha kutenga nawo gawo pazinthu izi. Positivist School of Criminology inali yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito sayansi kufufuza khalidwe laumunthu.

Sukulu ya Chicago

M’zaka za m’ma 1920, dipatimenti ya zachikhalidwe cha anthu ku yunivesite ya Chicago inakhazikitsa sukulu ya kaganizidwe ku Chicago. Lingaliro lalikulu la sukuluyi linali lakuti khalidwe la anthu limatengera chikhalidwe cha anthu. Imayang'ana mbali zamaganizo ndi zachilengedwe kuti mudziwe chifukwa chake anthu amachitira zachiwembu.

Pambuyo poyang'ana za chilengedwe, sukulu yaku Chicago idawona kuti kukhala ndi malo oyipa ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusokonekera kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ammudzi azikonda zachiwembu.

Zofunikira Zoyambira mu Criminology

Akatswiri a zaupandu ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi chifukwa chomwe upandu unachitikira kuposa momwe lamulo limagwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngakhale pali kulumikizana kwakukulu pakati pa upandu ndi chilungamo chaupandu, ndi mitu iwiri yosiyana yophunzirira.

Ophunzira a Criminology amaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe laupandu. Iwo ali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa zambiri za zomwe zimayambitsa zigawenga komanso momwe angapewere.

Akatswiri odziwa zaupandu amaphunzira zachigawenga chilichonse komanso zotsatira zake pagulu lonse. Psychology, malamulo aupandu, ndi ziwerengero zazamalamulo onse ndi mitu yophunziridwa ndi akuluakulu aupandu.

Digiri ya Criminology Associate

Wophunzira asanayambe kuganiziridwa kuti alowe nawo pulogalamu yokhudzana ndi zaumbanda, mayunivesite ambiri amafunikira zofunika zina. Musanalembetse, muyenera kukhala omaliza maphunziro a kusekondale kapena mwalemba mayeso a GED.

Wophunzirayo ayenera kuwonetsa chidwi chaupandu, kukhala ndi giredi Yasekondale Yachingerezi osachepera C, ndikupambana mayeso a Chingerezi.

Asanalembetse mu pulogalamu yaupandu, wophunzira ayenera kupambana mayeso amthupi. Digiri ya pulayimale iyi imatenga zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu kuti amalize ndikukonzekeretsa ophunzira kuti alowe m'malo ochita chilungamo. Ophunzira omwe akufuna kuchita maphunziro anthawi yochepa angafunike kupitilira zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu kuti amalize maphunziro awo.

Ntchito zachitetezo chabizinesi, zamalamulo, ndi sukulu yapolisi monga ntchito zoyambira zamalamulo zikuchuluka kwa omaliza maphunzirowa.

Kodi Kukhala Waukulu Waupandu Kumatanthauza Chiyani?

Kuphunzira za umbanda kumatchedwa criminology. Akuluakulu a Criminology amaphunzira za biological, psychological, and social variables zomwe zimayambitsa umbanda, monga chikhalidwe cha anthu. Akuluakuluwa amayang'ana za umbanda m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira madera mpaka mayiko.

Adzafufuza milandu yotereyi pakapita nthawi, ndikukulitsa luso lawo lofufuza m'njira. Monga zazikulu, masukulu angapo amaphatikiza zaupandu ndi chilungamo chaupandu. M’mikhalidwe yotereyi, ophunzira amaphunzitsidwanso za kayendetsedwe ka chilungamo chaupandu ndi ntchito yake poletsa umbanda.

Chifukwa Chiyani Criminology Ndi Yofunika?

Pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimathandizira kufunikira kwa upandu:

  • Criminology imathandizira anthu kumvetsetsa, kuwongolera, ndi kuchepetsa umbanda. Kuwerenga zothandizira zaupandu pakuzindikira ndikuwunika zomwe zimayambitsa, zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsata mfundo ndi zoyesayesa zochepetsera umbanda.
  • Imathandiza kumvetsetsa psyche ya zigawenga: Zaupandu zimathandiza kumvetsa zolinga za zigawenga, chifukwa chake amachitira umbanda, ndi zinthu zomwe zimawakhudza. Izi zimathandiza kugawa bwino chuma polimbana ndi umbanda.
  • Kusintha kwaupandu: Kuphatikiza pa kuwongolera ndi kuchepetsa umbanda, zaupandu zitha kuperekanso njira zogwirira ntchito zowongolera upandu.

Mwayi wopeza ntchito yazaupandu

Ngati mukufuna kuchita ntchito yaupandu, mutha kusankha pamipata yosiyanasiyana yochititsa chidwi, kuphatikiza:

  • Wofufuza: Master's kapena doctorate ndiyofunika paudindowu, ndipo Criminologists amakhazikika pamitu monga upandu wa chilengedwe kapena upandu wamaganizidwe.
  • Amathandiziranso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a polisi pogwiritsa ntchito upolisi wolosera komanso upolisi wotsata anthu ammudzi. Akatswiri a zaupandu nthawi zambiri amalembedwa ntchito ndi mayunivesite, mabungwe omwe si aboma (NGOs), mabungwe opanga malamulo, mabungwe azamalamulo, ndi mabungwe ofufuza.
  • Forensic psychologist: Kuti mugwire ntchito ngati katswiri wama psychologist, muyenera kukhala ndi digiri ya bachelor mu criminology komanso masters kapena doctorate mu psychology. Katswiri woweruza milandu, wolemba mbiri ya zigawenga, ndi mboni zaukadaulo zonse ndi maudindo omwe akatswiri azamisala atha kuchita.
  • Wogwira ntchito zachitukuko mdera: zidzakuthandizani kubweretsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kupititsa patsogolo umoyo wa anthu m'madera ambiri.
  1. Mukhala ngati wolumikizira madera ndi mabungwe aboma paudindowu. Kuzindikira zosowa ndi zosowa za anthu ammudzi;
  2. Kuthandizira chidziwitso cha anthu za nkhawa zomwe zafala m'deralo;
  3. Kukonzekera ndondomeko ndi malipoti onse ndi udindo wa ntchitoyi.
  4. Kupeza ndalama ndi kasamalidwe;
  5. Kupanga njira;
  6. Kupeza ndalama ndi kasamalidwe;
  7. Kukula kwamalingaliro.
  • Probation Officer: Monga woyang'anira milandu, mudzakhala ndi udindo woyang'anira zigawenga atatulutsidwa m'mabungwe kuti ateteze anthu komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo chochita upandu wina ndikukhala ndi maudindo ena monga;
  1. Kuwongolera olakwa omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu;
  2. Kuchita zowunika zoopsa;
  3. Kuyang'anira ndi kutsata malamulo a anthu;
  4. Kulimbikitsa olakwira kusintha maganizo awo;
  5. Kupezeka ndi kuchitira umboni kukhoti ndi zina mwazofunikira zaudindowu.

Maphunziro a zaupandu ndi okwera mtengo.

Mtengo wa digiri yaupandu ukhoza kusiyanasiyana kutengera komwe mumaphunzirira komanso ngati mumaphunzira pa intaneti kapena kusukulu. Edology imapereka maphunziro awa pa intaneti aupandu:

  • BA (Bachelor of Arts) (Hons.) Criminology and Psychology: £13,500/£12,150 (UK/EU) (International)
  • BA (Bachelor of Arts) (Hons.) Criminology and Law: £13,500 (UK/EU) / £12,150 (yapadziko lonse) (International)
  • LLB ndi liwu lalamulo lomwe limatanthawuza (Hons.) £27,750 pa digiri ya zamalamulo pazaupandu (chindapusa chonse)

Malipiro Amapezedwa ndi Criminologist

Ophwanya malamulo amalipidwa ndalama zambiri.

Malinga ndi PayScale, ndalama za ophwanya malamulo zimayambira pa £20,500 kufika pa £44,000, ndipo malipiro ake amakhala £26,500. Malipiro a criminologist amatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito yake ndi udindo wake.

Ndi zambiri zowutsa mudyo zaperekedwa, tsopano zakhwima kuti tisiye;

[lwptoc]

Maphunziro 4 Opambana mu Criminology

  • Criminology
  • Criminology ndi Psychology
  • Criminology ndi Law
  • Criminology ndi Justice Justice

1. Zaupandu

Criminology ndi kafukufuku wasayansi wokhudza mbali zosagwirizana ndi malamulo za umbanda ndi upandu, kuphatikiza magwero ake, kuwongolera, ndi kupewa, kuchokera kumalingaliro anthropology, biology, psychology ndi psychiatry, economics, sociology, ndi statistics, pakati pa maphunziro ena.

Malinga ndi malamulo, umbanda umanena za mchitidwe waupandu wa munthu aliyense (mwachitsanzo, kuba) komanso momwe anthu amachitira pazochitikazo (mwachitsanzo, kuweruzidwa zaka zitatu m'ndende). Mosiyana ndi izi, zaumbanda zimafufuza ndikuphatikiza kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa umbanda ndi zigawenga. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a zaupandu ayesa kupeza chifukwa chimene anthu ena ali ndi mtima wofuna kuchita nawo upandu kapena upandu kuposa ena. Akatswiri a zaupandu ayang'ananso ndikuyesera kufotokoza kusiyana kwa ziwerengero zaupandu ndi malamulo pakati pa madera, komanso kusintha kwa mitengo ndi malamulo pakapita nthawi.

Mkati mwa phunziroli, pali mitu yofunikira yomwe ophunzira amaphunzitsidwa ndipo amayenera kuidziwa bwino, mitu monga;

  • Chiphunzitso cha Social
  • Kupatuka ndi Kuwongolera Upandu
  • Nkhani zamakono mu Criminology

2. Criminology ndi Psychology

Psychology imakhudzidwa ndi anthu ndipo imayang'ana kwambiri pakuwerenga malingaliro ndi machitidwe a anthu. Criminology ndi kafukufuku wokhudza umbanda ndi kupatuka, ndipo imakhudza mitu yambiri, kuyambira kapangidwe ka kayendetsedwe ka milandu mpaka momwe oulutsira nkhani amawonetsera komanso kutengera umbanda.

Magulu awiriwa pamodzi akupatsani maluso ndi chidziwitso chomwe mungafune kuti muchite bwino pamayitanidwe osiyanasiyana.

Maphunziro a psychology ndi criminology akupatsirani chidziwitso chamalingaliro amunthu, komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zomwe mwaphunzira pamayeso osiyanasiyana apadera.

Maphunzirowa amayang'ana kwambiri za momwe angagwiritsire ntchito ntchito ndipo akuphatikizapo zochitika zofunikira (monga kuyang'ana m'khoti, kuyendera nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi maulendo a apolisi), luso lofunikira (monga luso lolemba, ulaliki, ndi mgwirizano wamagulu), ndi maphunziro ochokera kwa akatswiri amakampani (mwachitsanzo, zazamalamulo, maphunziro, ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo a ntchito).

Mitu yophunzitsidwa kwa ophunzira ndi monga;

  • Social and Development Psychology
  • Upandu ndi Gulu
  • Maphunziro Ofunika Kwambiri mu Psychology
  • Mikangano Yamakono mu Criminology
  • Mphamvu za Apolisi ndi Apolisi.

3. Criminology ndi Law

Criminology ndikuphunzira zaumbanda, olakwa, ndi ozunzidwa, komanso malingaliro ofotokozera machitidwe osaloledwa ndi / kapena opotoka, momwe anthu amachitira ndi umbanda, komanso kupambana kwa njira zowongolera umbanda. Maphunziro a zamalamulo ndi gawo la magawo osiyanasiyana omwe amaphunzira zamalamulo ndi matanthauzo azamalamulo, zikhulupiriro, machitidwe, ndi mabungwe. Maphunziro a Legislation Studies akuwonetsa momwe ndale, zachuma, ndi chikhalidwe zimathandizira ndikuwumbidwa ndi malamulo. Mu maphunziro a zaupandu ndi malamulo, timayang'ana ubale pakati pa umbanda ndi malamulo. Timafufuzanso momwe apolisi, makhoti, ndi machitidwe owongolera amagwirira ntchito, komanso chifukwa chake makhoti amilandu amagwirira ntchito momwe amachitira.

Kuti mumvetse bwino lingaliro la Criminology ndi Law, mitu yomwe ili pansipa iphunzitsidwa ndipo iyenera kumvetsetsedwa ndi ophunzira;

  • Ndondomeko Yachilungamo
  • Chilamulo cha Milandu
  • Kafukufuku ndi Ethics akugwira ntchito
  • Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Anthu
  • Chilungamo Chachinyamata
  • Kupewa Zachiwawa

4. Criminology and Criminal Justice

Kuphunzira kwa kayendetsedwe ka milandu yaupandu ndi omwe amagwira ntchito momwemo, monga apolisi, oweruza, owongolera, ndi oyang'anira malire, amadziwika kuti chilungamo chaupandu. Ophunzira a zaupandu amaphunzira chilichonse chokhudza kayendetsedwe ka malamulo, kuyambira komwe adachokera mpaka momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso kapangidwe kake kamakono. Amadzikonzekeretsa okha ntchito zosiyanasiyana mkati mwazomwezi pophunzira. Akuluakulu a zaupandu amatenga makalasi ochulukirapo pakufufuza zaupandu, zachilungamo, zamalamulo aupandu, ndi malo owongolera, zomwe ndi kusiyana pakati paupandu ndi digiri ya chilungamo.

Madera omwe akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri ndi awa;

  • Criminology Theory Criticism
  • Ndondomeko Zachilango Padziko Lonse
  • Sayansi Yandale ndi Ndale
  • Mawu Oyamba pa Zachilungamo
  • Mphamvu za Apolisi mu Criminal Justice System
  • International Criminal Justice.

Masukulu ena amapereka ndipo amadziwika kuti ndiabwino kwambiri pophunzitsa maphunzirowa, ophunzira akale ndi amasiku ano adalemba magiredi apamwamba pamayeso komanso pamunda.

Kuti izi zitheke, m'munsimu muli ena mwa masukulu otere omwe amasanjidwa mwadongosolo;

  1. Yunivesite ya Pennslyvania 
  2. University of Florida
  3. University of Maryland 
  4. Yunivesite ya Sydney; Institute of Criminology
  5. University of Hong Kong
  6. University of Leicester 

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